A survey of aflatoxin m1 contamination in raw milk. Aflatoxin transformation products are sometimes found in eggs, milk products, and meat when animals are fed contaminated grains. Reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the.
Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater. Aflatoxin contamination of animal feeds, livestock and animal products like milk are also increasing in the country. Contaminate a variety of foods such as corn, oil seed and animal feed. Aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products is considered to pose certain hygienic risks for human health. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis.
Aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed in ethiopia barbara szonyi, dawit gizachew, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace i o. The aflatoxin level of milk and cow feed around addis ababa is beyond the international level as per your study report march 2015 46. The level of contamination of aflatoxin in all samples were calculated based on the level of aflatoxin 2001 2011. Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize. Aflatoxin m1 has been detected in high concentration throughout subsaharan africa in cows milk and in human breast milk, putting infants at high risk. Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products in ethiopia. For all type of aflatoxin metabolites, the lethal dose ld50 values. In the united states, a 10% excess of primary livercell cancer was observed in the southeast, where the estimated average daily intake of aflatoxin was high, compared with the north and west, areas with low aflatoxin intake. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis.
Afm1 in milk has been shown to decline as contaminated feed is withdrawn, with no traces of aflatoxin in milk being detected after 34 days of withdrawal 11, 12. Review on aflatoxin and its impacts on livestock abebe balina1, abriham kebede2 and yobsan tamiru2 1college of veterinary medicine, mekelle university, ethiopia 2college of medical and health science, wollega university, ethiopia. Many countries standards limits of aflatoxins m1 ranged between 0 to 0. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum statesudan s. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace consultative workshop on milk quality addis ababa, ethiopia 2526 june 2015 2. Milk and milk products are infected due to the cows feed on aflatoxin contaminated feed. Request pdf aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of aspegillus fungi that can. In the 10 years prior to the last harvestbetween 2001 and 2011a total of. Milk aflatoxin m 1 contamination of milk results primarily from the conversion of aflatoxin b 1 that is metabolized by enzymes found primarily in the liver. Pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence.
Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis ababa. Epidemiology aflatoxicosis is the most important food borne mycotoxins. Now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. This study was carried out to detect aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum state sudan. Aflatoxin contamination in milk and its products is produced in two ways.
Aflatoxin is excreted into milk within12 hours in the form of aflatoxin m1 with residues approximately equal to 1. Aflatoxin b1 is the most toxic and the most prevalent yu, 2004. Mycotoxins included in the survey were aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and vomitoxin. Subsequently humans may be exposed to this aflatoxin through milk and milk products, including breast milk, especially in areas where the poorest quality grain is used for animal feed. When cows were fed with an aflatoxin free diet, milk production increased over 25%. The most common aflatoxins are b 1, b 2, g 1, g 2, m 1 and m 2. Ia mandating aflatoxin testing in milk for m1 aspergillus most present in 2012. In the united states, 20 ppb is the maximum aflatoxin residue limit allowed in food for human consumption fao 2003. Mycotoxin biosensor was purchased from mobile assay inc.
Additionally, aflatoxin m 1 afm 1, a product of aflatoxin b 1 afb 1 metabolism, can be found in milk in areas of high aflatoxin exposure. In ethiopia aflatoxins are detected from several crops especially from maize and groundnut. Dairy feed project to reduce aflatoxin contamination in kenya. Mycotoxines andor aflatoxines in milk and milk products. Ubale, the crsled food for peace project in malawi, is using the icelisa indirect competitive for testing aflatoxin levels in groundnuts and found it costeffective and useful for testing multiple samples at a time.
A survey of mycotoxins in livestock feeds in ethiopia. Cows that consume afb1contaminated feed excrete aflatoxin m1 afm1 in their milk. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the greater addis ababa. Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia. Aflatoxin management for smallholder farmers of maize and. Review on aflatoxin and its impacts on livestock juniper publishers. At present it appears that the feed for the affected herds may have come from a single source, so this is not a general alert just a headsup. Feb 11, 2014 mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, are toxins found in food that can cause illness and be lethal in high doses. But ethiopia s aflatoxin contamination of milk is on average 0. These metabolites are not destroyed during the pasteurization and heating process. These toxins are formed by strains of moulds that infest susceptible grains such as maize and sorghum. There have been a couple of loads of milk dumped in south west indiana because of violative levels of aflatoxin.
Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in. Milk production performances of local and crossbred dairy cows in westgojam zone, amhara region, ethiopia melku muluye1 kefyalew alemayehu2 solomon gizaw3 1west gojam zone agricultural and rural development department, fentoselam, ethiopia, 2department of animal production and technology, college of agriculture and environmental sciences. But ethiopias aflatoxin contamination of milk is on average 0. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products from bomet county. Aflatoxin management for smallholder farmers of maize and groundnuts 5 comparable. Aflatoxin b1 and m1 contamination of animal feeds and milk. New ilri study finds high levels of aflatoxin in milk and. Aflatoxin is excreted into milk within 12 hours in the form of aflatoxin m1 with residues approximately equal to 1. Danone romania also withdrew some 75 tons of milk products from the shelves. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum.
Jul 20, 2015 the crosssectional study by scientists from the international livestock research institute was carried out in the greater addis ababa milk shed between september 2014 and february 2015 in order to detect and quantify the levels of aflatoxin m1 in samples of raw cows milk and aflatoxin b1 in samples of dairy feed. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure among young children in. Dairy cows that eat contaminated feed can yield contaminated milk. There was moderate correlation between aflatoxins in milk and in feed. In ethiopia, a currently ongoing study has revealed high levels of contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins in the greater addis milk shed. Due to aflatoxin contamination the food products cannot be exported leading to financial losses. All the milk samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin m1 and over 90% of the milk samples contained aflatoxin m1 levels that exceeded the european union limit of 5 ppb. In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin m1 afm1 levels during labscale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of afm1 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Several researches show that afb1 is the most common aflatoxin in ethiopia from most commodities at a very much higher level. Aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of aspegillus fungi that can contaminate animal feed. Similar waivers were granted in 2005, 2003 and 1988. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the. After aflatoxin m 1 is formed, it is excreted in the urine and milk of the cow. The carryover rates of aflatoxin b1 through oral intake and the metabolization to aflatoxin m1 in milk depend on the animal species, but there is also a large variation within species.
A survey of commodities commonly used in livestock feeds in ethiopia was conducted to provide information on the riskpotential associated with feed commodities. They present in the milk of lactating mammals which have consumed aflatoxin contaminated feed. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk and its products in bomet. The aflatoxins are capable of causing aflatoxicosis in consumers of. When ingested, afb1 is converted to aflatoxin m1 afm1 and is secreted in the milk of lactating mammals. These results suggest that risk mitigation should focus on noug cake to effectively reduce aflatoxin contamination in perurban dairy value chains in ethiopia. High aflatoxin contamination of feed was found in the addis ababa milk shed. Ministry denies the study about high level of aflatoxin in milk. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by fungi and found in foods and feeds. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of afm1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa. For dairy cattle, carryoverrates of 16% with an average of 2.
Nov 23, 2010 the feeds are to be screened for fungi and mycotoxins and the milk samples for aflatoxin m 1. Toxic secondary metabolites produced by aspergillus fungi. Even though, the occurrence of aflatoxin in the world varies from one place to place the majority milk samples indicated that. The level of aflatoxin contamination found in this study in milk and feed should prompt action to identify suitable interventions. Lri research brief n date ye ar ilri research brief 46 6 june 2015 14 introduction aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of aspergillus fungi. Afm1 has been shown to be hepatocarcinogenic at 50ppb in fischer male rats with the potency of 210% of that of afb1 and also induces low incidences of intestinal adenocarcinomas. Corn containing greater than 500 ppb aflatoxin cannot be blended. The level of contamination of aflatoxin in all samples were calculated based on the level of aflatoxin aflatoxin contamination found in this study in milk and feed should prompt action to identify suitable interventions. It is found that exclusive breast feeding and continued partial breast feeding can reduce the af exposure. Ethiopia uses american aflatoxin contamination of milk standard, 0.
The european commissions rapid alert system for food and feed rasff has reported 10 notifications of aflatoxin b1 in maize of european origin since the last maize harvest in autumn 2012. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in. Aflatoxins refer to a group of several chemicals produced by the aspergillus flavus fungus and related species. Pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the amount of afm1 in raw cows milk and afb1 in dairy feed samples in the greater addis ababa milk shed using a value chain approach. It has gained increasing attention due to their harmful effects on human and animal health and also. The milk from the farms supplying the dairy was positive for aflatoxin m 1 ranging from milk assay and in dairy feeds, milk and water in some selected areas of ethiopia by rehrahie mesfin gebrehiowt a thesis presented to the school of graduate studies of the addis ababa university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the phd degree in biology. Milk production performances of local and crossbred dairy. Subsequently humans may be exposed to this aflatoxin through milk and milk products, including breast milk, especially in areas where the. How to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts and maize. Request pdf aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of. The four times hydrated aflatoxinb1and b2 is converted to aflatoxin m1 and m2 respectively.
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